Dinastija Tudor

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Engleska dinastija Tudor počinje s Henry-em VII koji je u ljeto 1485. u Ratu ruža, pobijedio Richard-a III iz kuće York.
Ubrzo nakon krunjenja uzeo je za suprugu Elizabeth of York da bi okončao neprijateljstvo dviju velikaških kuća.
Kralj je imao dva sina. Stariji Arthur je umro mlad, ali je već bio u braku s Catherine-om Aragonskom.

Tako je nakon očeve smrti ( počtkom 1509) na prijestolje došao mlađi sin Henry VIII , a vladao je do svoje smrti početkm 1547.

Irski mu je parlamet dodijelio titulu kralja Irske 1541. godine. Nakon smrti svog starijeg brata Arthur-a naslijedio je titulu Prince of Wales, a i njegovu udovicu, Catherine–u Aragonsku.

No kako se tada ženidba bratovom udovicom smatrala incestom, morao je od pape dobiti posebno dopuštenje kojim je brak njegovog pokojnog brata proglašen nevažećim jer navodno nije komzumiran.

Henry je znatno unaprijedio englesku mornaricu i osobito ratnu flotu. Uspio je Wales dovesti pod puno vlast krune i ponosio se svojim velškim porijeklom.

Najpoznatiji je po svojim mnogobrojnim ženidbama i po raskidu s rimskim papom. Kada mu je od djece iz prvog braka preživjela samo kćer Mary, a nije bilo nade da bi mu supruga mogla roditi nasljednika, Henry je zatražio od pape da poništi taj brak, jer je navodno nezakonit, obzirom da je Catherine bila udovica njegovog brata. Papa to nije mogao prihvatiti jer bi time priznao svoju prethodnu grešku kada je proglasio nevažećim brak njegovog pokojnog brata.
Osim toga papa je bio praktički u zarobljeništvu Charles-a V (cara Svetog Rimskog carstva), koji je bio nećak Catherine Aragonske.

Nakon neuspjeha. kralj je reagirao na tipičan vladarski način: smjenio je kardinala Wolsey-a (dotadašnjeg kancelara) i zamijenio ga ljudima koji su bili mnogo skloniji protestantskim idejama. On su mu savjetovali da će najlakše riješiti svoj problem (poništenje braka) tako da sam postane glavar engleske crkve i tako zaobiđe papu.
Henry je prihvatio savjet pa je u Parlamentu 1529. počela rasprava o tome tko je nadležan za kler u Engeskoj. Rasprava je trajala sedam godina, ali je kraljeva moć stalno jačala pa je 1531 priznat za poglavara Engleske crkve. Dvije godina kasnije Parlament je objavio zakon «Submission of the Clergy» kojim je kler došao potpuno pod vlast kralja.
Iste godine Henry je oženio Ann Boylen koja je već nosila njegu drugu kćer – Elizabeth.
Parlament je 1534 obustavio sva davanja Rimu. A Henry je dobio potpunu kontrolu nad svim imenovanjima u Engleskoj crkvi. Aktom o naslijeđivanju djeca Ann Boylen proglašena su naslijednicima prijestolja, a Henry je službeno proglašen poglavarom crkve.

http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/tudors.htm
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07222a.htm
http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/queenexecution.htm

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In 1512 Henry joined Pope Julius II, Ferdinand of Spain, & the Venetians in forming the "Holy League" against the King of France. Julius was feverishly bent on chasing the "barbarians" (i.e. the French and other foreigners) out of Italy, and Henry cooperated by collecting ships and soldiers to attack the French king in his own dominions. No very conspicuous success attended his arms, but there was a victory at Guinegate outside Therouanne, and the Scotch, who, as the allies of France, had threatened invasion, were disastrously defeated at Flodden in 1513. During all this time Henry remained on excellent terms with the Holy See. In April, 1510, Julius sent him the golden rose, and in 1514 Leo X bestowed the honorific cap and sword, which were presented with much solemnity at St. Paul's.

At the same period Henry's prestige in the eyes of the clergy, and not the clergy only, was strengthened by his famous book, the Assertio Septem Sacramentorum. This book was written against Luther and in vindication of the Church's dogmatic teaching regarding the sacraments and the Sacrifice of the Mass, while the supremacy of the papacy is also insisted upon in unequivocal terms. There is no reason to doubt that the substance of the book was really Henry's. Pope Leo X was highly pleased with it and conferred upon the king the title of Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith), which is maintained to this day as part of the royal style of the English Crown. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07222a.htm


There is a public perception, especially in the United States, that Henry VIII created the Anglican church in anger over the Pope's refusal to grant his divorce, but the historical record indicates that Henry spent most of his reign challenging the authority of Rome, and that the divorce issue was just one of a series of acts that collectively split the English church from the Roman church in much the same way that the Orthodox church had split off five hundred years before. http://www.anglican.org/church/ChurchHistory.html

Thomas More, Henry's Lord Chancellor, was opposed to the king's plans to divorce Catherine of Aragon and resigned from office. When he refused to accept Henry as head of the church he was convicted of high treason and executed at the Tower of London.


Usprkos toj promjeni na vrhu, za prosječnog vjernika, ništa se nije bitno promijenilo, osim što je Biblija sada bila na engleskom, dakle dostupna svakom pismenom čovjeku. Kralj je štoviše svojim zakonom Six Articles (Šest članaka) osnažio postojeće katoličko bogoslužje.
Tek nakon njegove smrti (1547.) za vladavine maloljetnog Edwarda VI Engleska se crkva okreće protestantizmu. Tada se svećenici smiju ženiti, iz crkava se odstranjuju slike i oltari i ukida se misa. Da je Edward dulje poživio, možda bi Engleska postala kalvinistička.

After Henry died it was relatively easy to change the status quo during the reign of his son, Edward VI. Edward was young, ill and manageable. In the six years he was on the throne English was substituted for Latin during church services, the mass was abandoned and a common prayer book was introduced.
Being separated from Rome had brought many benefits, mostly financial. A good deal of ex-Church land had become available, as well as the money which would have gone to Rome. It was hardly surprising, therefore, that only the most devout Catholics were pleased when Queen Mary I declared Catholicism the state religion in 1553. It also explains why, after her death in 1558, most people heaved sighs of relief and England readily returned to the Anglican Church. http://www.saburchill.com/history/biblio/0016.html

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Ali poslije njegove smrti 1553. na prijestolje dolazi starija Herrijeva kćerka Mary. Ona je gorljiva katolkinja i pokušava na sve načine vratiti Englesku katolicizmu i papi.

Dvije godina kasnije udala se za Filipa II Španjolskog, ali nisu imali djece. Ta udaja za omraženog stranca još je više povećala njenu nepopularnost.
Mary je, pokušavajući restaurirati katolicizam, započela žestoke progone u kojima je stradalo oko 300 ljudi (mnogi od njih na lomači), a između ostalih i bivši nadbiskup od Kanterberija. Tako je zaradila ime Bloody (krvava) Mary.
Kako je njen suprug provodio politiku u korist Španjolske nagovorio ju je na rat s Francuskom u kojem je Engleska izgubila svoje poslijednje uporište na Kontinentu: Calais.

Njena petogodišnja vladavina unazadila je englesko gospodarstvo i duboko podijelila zemlju na naprijateljske tabore. Postala je i ostala najomraženija vladarica u povijesti Engleske.


Mary I was the first Queen Regnant (that is, a queen reigning in her own right rather than a queen through marriage to a king). She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon and was a committed Catholic. When she came to the throne she vowed to return England to Rome and Catholicism.

. . . Why is Mary l called Bloody Mary?

She is known as Bloody Mary because of the numbers of people who were executed for being Protestants. Mary burned nearly three hundred Protestants at the stake when they refused to give up their religion.

Mary made herself even more unpopular by marrying Philip of Spain and losing Calais, England's last possession in France. They had no children.
http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch...dors/kings.htm


. . . “Bloody Mary”… Relentless Papist and Mass-Murderer

Mary had always rejected and resented the break with Rome ... and now she tried to turn England back to Roman Catholicism. This effort was carried out by force, and hundreds of Protestant leaders were executed. The first was John Rogers (a.k.a. “Thomas Matthews”), the printer of the “Matthews-Tyndale Bible”. His execution was followed by the execution of former Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, who was primarily responsible for the printing of the “Great Bible”. Hundreds more would follow in Mary’s bloody reign of terror. This earned the queen the title of “Bloody Mary”.
http://www.greatsite.com/timeline-en...ueen-mary.html

Audiatur et altera pars...

link o Mariji s katoličke enciklopedije...

link

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Nasuprot svojoj polusestri Elizabeth je bila najpopularnija od svih engleslih vladara. Iako je već s tri godine ostala bez majke (Henry VIII ju je dao pogubiti) i bila udaljena s dvora ona je ipak, zahvaljujući svojoj posljednoj pomajci Catherine Parr, odrasla i dočekala da postane vladarica engleske kao posljednja i najslavnija od svih Tudora.

Kada joj je otac umro, neko je vrijeme živjela s kraljevom udovicom, ali je morala otići zbog skandala s novim mužem Catherine Parr, admiralom Thomas Seymor-om. Uskoro je i on postao udovac pa je zaprosio Elizabeth, ali ga je ona odbila. Oboje su bili sumnjivi kao mogući zavjerenici protiv malodobnog Edwarda pa je i Elizabeth bila ispitivana, ali je oslobođena optužbe. Seymor je nakon pokušaja otmice mladog kralja optužen za veleizdaju i pogubljen.

Čim je postala kraljicom Elizabeth su još više opsjedali udvarači i prosci. Sve ih je odbijala. Navodno je bila zaljubljena u Roberta Dudley-a koji je već bio oženjen, a nakon smrti njegove žene nije smjela riskirati skandal koji bi izazvao njihov brak. No zato je godinama uspješno iskorištavala svoje mnogobrojne udvarača da postigne svoje političke ciljeve.

Vodila je jako mudru vjersku politiku umjerenosti i kompromisa. Poništila je gotovo sve mjere svoje prethodnice, ali je i znatno ublažila odredbe iz vremena Edwarda VI pa je velika većina njenih podanika konačno odahnula. Bila je odlučna vladarica koja je znala što hoće, ali je pomno pazila da se ne zamjeri Parlamentu.

Kada je odbila bračnu ponudu Filipa II, a ovom su već bili dozlogrdili napadi engleskih gusara u Americi, opremio je do tada najveću pomorsku floti (Armada) da jednom zauvijek slomi moć Engleske. Zahvaljujući ponajviše morskim olujama, ali većom pokretljivošću engleskih brodova Armada je prepolovljena, a njeni su se ostaci jedva dovukli do Španjolske.

Nakon sloma Armade Engleska je postala pomorska velesila istisnuvši Španjolsku s prvog mjesta. U tome su veliku ulogu odigrali Sir Walter Raleigh i Sir Francis Drake.

To je I doba velikog kulturnog procvata kada djeluju Spenser, Marlowe i Shakespeare. http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/shakespeare.htm

Kasnije godine njene vladavine smatraju se zlatnim dobom Engleske povijesti.

Kako nije imala djece naslijedio ju je James I, sin Mary od Škotske i Elizabetinog rođaka Lord Darnley-a.

http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch...dors/kings.htm

http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch...xploration.htm


Elizabeth's greatest legacy was the spirit of compromise that infused her version of the Church of England. She managed to please Catholics by retaining several important aspects of Catholicism and also managed to please moderate Calvinists who wanted all traces of the Roman church to be expunged. She effected this by allowing English Calvinists (called "Puritans" because the wanted to purify the church from all Roman influences) to participate in Parliament and to set up semiautonomous congregations that practiced Calvinist doctrine but still recognized the Queen as the head of the church.
. . Richard Hooker