Pars pro toto (iz lat.) retorička je figura koja doslovce znači "dio se tretira kao cjelina".
Koristi se tako da se naziv objekta zamijeni nazivom jednog ili više njegovih dijelova, primjerice:
"njegov vlastiti kut" umjesto vlastitog doma,
"krov nad glavom" umjesto kuće itd.
No isto tako je jako česta primjena u geogrfiji.
Na primjer, kod nas je ubičajeno ENgleska ili Britanija za cijelo Ujedinjeno kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Sjeverne Irske,
ili pak Holandija za Nizozemsku,
Ili Amerika za SAD.
Bosna za Bosnu i Hercegovinu,
ili pak Rusije za cijeli bivši Sovjetski Savez.
Wikipedia navodi slijedeće primjere:
Certain place names are sometimes used to denote an area greater than that warranted by their strict meaning:
"Antigua" for Antigua and Barbuda
"Austria" for the former Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Habsburg-ruled lands
"Salvador" for Bahia, and vice versa
"The Balkans" for the entire Balkan Peninsula and historically-related parts of south eastern Europe
"Bohemia" for the former Czech lands, now the Czech Republic
"Bosnia" for Bosnia and Herzegovina
"Denmark" for the erstwhile Kingdom of Denmark-Norway
"England" for Great Britain, the British Isles and/or the United Kingdom (see British Isles (terminology)). Not normally used today by non-English Britons.
"Great Britain" for the United Kingdom
"Holland" for the Netherlands (see Netherlands (terminology))
"Ireland" for the Island of Ireland
"Italian Peninsula" for the entire Italian Republic.
"Kathmandu" for all three districts inside Kathmandu Valley: Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal.
"Lithuania" for the historic Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Samogitia
"Madras"/"Tamil" when referring to someone from South India which consists of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
"Mesopotamia" for the Middle East
"Middle East" for the partially overlapping term Arab world & Israel.
"Monte Carlo" for Monaco
"Naples" for the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
"Newfoundland" for what is now called Newfoundland and Labrador
"Noumea" for New Caledonia especially among Australians and New Zealanders
"Persia" for Iran
"Piedmont" or "Piedmont-Sardinia" for the former Kingdom of Sardinia
"Poland" for the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
"Portugal" for the former United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
"Prussia" for the former German Empire
"Rhode Island" for the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
"Rome" for the Roman Empire and for Roman Civilization in general
in reference to Roman Catholic Church it is a different metonym, as the church is not a geographical entity of which Rome is a part
"Russia" for the former Soviet Union
"Saint Vincent" for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
"Santo Domingo" for the Dominican Republic
"São Tomé" for São Tomé and Príncipe
"Scandinavia" for the Nordic countries
"Serbia" for the former Yugoslavian states and the former union of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006, named Federal Republic of Yugoslavia before 2003)
"South America" for partially overlapping term Latin America
"Sublime Porte" or "Ottoman Porte" for the Ottoman Empire is a different metonym, not referring to the territory, but the government
"Sweden" for the former Sweden-Norway.
"Tahiti" for French Polynesia
"Taiwan" for the (Free area of the) Republic of China, which consists of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu and formally only contains Taiwan area
"Trinidad" for Trinidad and Tobago
"Turkey" for the former Ottoman Empire
"Vietnam" for the former French Indochina
The use of capitals to denote capital regions or even entire countries such as "Canberra" for the Australian Capital Territory, "Ancient Rome" for the Roman Empire, "Chinese Taipei" for the (Free area of the) Republic of China or Taiwan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_pro_toto
Kao što vidimo, mnogi su primjeri vezani za povijest. Neki i više nisu tako aktuelni.
Nopr Austrija za cijelu Austro-Ugarsku.
Ili Perzija za Iran.
Koje izraze vi koristite kada govorite u ovom stilskom sredstvu?
Koje ste primjetili da koriste drugi?
Koji vam smetaju?
Da li se ponekad radi o neznjanju, tj da li je govornik "svjestan" da govori "pogrešno"?
Mislim da je kod nas najčešće Turska umjesto Otomnskio carstvo ili Otomanski imperij.
Pars pro toto
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